Death is Definitely Not Justified With Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay

Doctors dedicate their blood, sweat and tears to achieve the ultimate goal of their profession – to preserve the health and well-being of their patients. Doctors positively intervene with life processes in order to maintain and preserve the lives of many people. However, when doctors negatively intervene with a natural process like death, problems can arise because they are caught in a dilemma of whether to forego life and help end the suffering or to preserve it and torment the patients suffering with terminal illnesses. This is why, physician-assisted suicide is not just perceived solely as a medical problem because it also involves legal, ethical, social, personal, and financial considerations. Physician-assisted suicide remained as one of the most controversial types of euthanasia because it violates the Hippocratic Oath. Physician-assisted suicide literally means that the physician provides the medication for suicide to a competent patient who is capable of carrying it out. It is not just morally reprehensible for a physician, or any medical practitioner, to assist the patient to conduct this procedure because it negates their responsibility to preserve life, physician-assisted suicide also devalues the life of the patient as their fate is put entirely in the hands of a human being. Indeed, there exists an unprecedented debate over physician-assisted suicide (also called euthanasia) because involves medical professionals, as well as the patients and their families. The arguments range from determining the dignity of the patients, the quality of their lives, their mental state, and sometimes their usefulness to society. For example, the patient who is in a vegetative state is considered dead by some but not by others, and this case presents substantial moral and ethical problems. The Oxford Dictionary of English (2005) defines euthanasia as â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma†. However, euthanasia means much more than a â€Å"painless death†, or the means of procuring it, or the action of inducing it. The definition specifies only the manner of death, and if this were all that was needed to achieve it — a murderer, who is careful to drug his victim to death, could claim that he or she did an act of euthanasia. We find this ridiculous because we take it for granted that euthanasia is â€Å"death† itself, not just the manner of death. How can someone administer a â€Å"medical procedure† to the one who dies in the end? The spate of recent public and philosophical controversy has been over voluntary active euthanasia (VAE), especially physician-assisted suicide. Supporters of VAE argue that there are cases in which relief from suffering supersedes all other consequences and that respect for autonomy obligates society to respect the decisions of those who elect euthanasia. If competent patients have a legal and moral right to refuse treatment that brings about their deaths, there is a similar right to enlist the assistance of physicians or others to help patients cause their deaths by an active means. Usually, supporters of VAE primarily look to circumstances in which (1) a condition has become overwhelmingly burdensome for a patient, (2) pain management for the patient is inadequate, and (3) only a physician seems capable of bringing relief (Dworkin, Frey & Bok, 1998). A much publicized case of physician-assisted suicide came into the headlines when it shocked people with the bizarre activities of Dr. Jack Kevorkian in early 1990s (or â€Å"Dr Death† as the media have dubbed him) in the USA. Dr. Kevorkian, a retired pathologist, assisted over forty people to commit suicide in recent years in circumstances, which were somewhat beyond normal from regular medical practice. These people travelled to Kevorkian from all over the USA to seek his assistance in suicide. Kevorkian assisted their death by ending their suffering. He even attached his patients at the back of a dilapidated Volkswagen van, where a â€Å"suicide machine† can be found. This machine automatically injects patients with lethal doses of drugs, as patients themselves activate it. Despite being prosecuted for assisted suicide on several occasions, Kevorkian escaped conviction and continued his personal campaign for relaxation of the law in his peculiar way. It was only when he moved from assistance in suicide to euthanasia that he was finally convicted. He filmed himself administering a lethal injection, and the film helped secure his conviction for murder (Keown 2002, p. 31). Of course, his actions provoked discussion of the thin line separating passive euthanasia, which is legal in this country, and active euthanasia. Opponents of Kevorkian’s actions state that he is practicing physician-assisted suicide, which is illegal. Proponents of Kevorkian’s actions argue that the patient’s right to control his or her medical treatment is sufficient justification for assisted suicide. Unfortunately, most Americans seem to agree with physician-assisted suicide. A nationwide survey by the Gallup poll in 2004 showed that 69% of Americans believed that physicians should be allowed to help terminally ill patients in severe pain commit suicide. These results were consistent with those of Gallup polls over the past two years, where â€Å"Americans have shown slightly higher levels of support for doctors ending patients’ lives by painless means than for assisting patients to commit suicide† (Lyons, 2004). Allen et al. (2006) suggest about the reasons for these statistics. They said that â€Å"one explanation could be the increase in education and awareness of advances in both medical technology and research on various chronic diseases†. As more Americans are becoming more aware of the devastating psychological effects of disease on a person’s well being; â€Å"they may be more willing to make informed decisions on end-of-life care†. Armed with knowledge of how painful and grueling pains that patients suffer, Americans think that sometimes the best option for a terminally ill patient is physician-assisted suicide or some other form of euthanasia. Strangely enough, a group of doctors also support physician-assisted suicide. Known as the Hemlock Society, these doctors advocate the legalization of euthanasia (Snyder, 2001). This organization believes that the final decision to terminate life ultimately is one’s own, although it does not encourage suicide for emotional, traumatic, or financial reasons, or in the absence of terminal illness. Conversely, the National Hospice Organization supports a patient’s right to choose, but believes that hospice care is a better choice than euthanasia or assisted suicide (Snyder, 2001). Despite the salient points made by the supporters of physician-assisted suicide, we should not forget that this process essentially negates the purpose of a doctor’s profession. The Hippocratic Oath, which dates back in the 400 B. C. E. states that â€Å"I will give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel†. Not only that it is in clear opposition to the oath of their profession, it is also morally and ethically reprehensible. According to Somerville (2006), there are two major reasons why people should not allow euthanasia to be legalized. First reason is purely relying on principle that it is not right for one human to intentionally kill another (with the exception of justified self-defense cases, or in the defense of others). Somerville (2006) stated that the second reason is utilitarian, as legalizing physician-assisted death has harmful effects and risks to people and society. In fact, the harms and risks far outweigh any benefits of physician-assisted suicide. While Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) reasoned that â€Å"most studies of euthanasia have been quantitative, focusing primarily on attitudes of healthcare professionals, relatives, and the public†. Most people perceive pain as the major reason for requesting euthanasia, while other factors that convince people to choose it are impairment of functions, dependency, being a big burden, being isolated to people, depression, losing hope, and losing autonomy or control. This is why, Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) thought that legalizing euthanasia is a â€Å"premature† move when research evidence from the perspectives of those who desire euthanasia is not yet proven to be necessary. The researchers suggested that there needs to be additional qualitative patient-based studies in order to broaden the physician’s understanding of patients. They deemed that there should be the â€Å"inclusion of medical humanities, experiential learning, and reflective practice into medical education should help ensure doctors have better communication skills and attitudes†. Thus, doctors and healthcare professionals should focus in examining ways to improve cure and care at all levels so that they can trash out the â€Å"side effects of poor end of life care†. In this way, physician-assisted suicide would not be necessity anymore. In 1997, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not guarantee Americans a right to physician-assisted suicide and returned the issue to the state legislatures for continued debate. In its decision, the Court placed emphasis on the American tradition of condemning suicide and valuing human life. In its ruling, the Court made it clear that the states have a legitimate interest in banning physician-assisted suicide, but it also left it open to them to legalize the practice. As a result, the practice has been legalized in Oregon. Although the law is rather unequivocal in regard to the practice of active euthanasia, the court decisions have been quite ambiguous. This may be a proper stance for the law in that its adamant negative position provides a deterrent to all considerations of the practice and forces deliberation of the merits on a case-by-case basis. But under what circumstances is euthanasia justifiable? Is it permissible to kill the terminally ill? How about those who are not terminally ill but have only lost their appetite for life? Even if society decides that citizens have a right not only to life, liberty, and property but also to death, what part do health care practitioners play in this right? Would the role of physician who conducts euthanasia have a chilling effect on the medical profession? What law cannot answer, ethics and morality could provide the answers of what needs to be done by health professionals when faced with a difficult dilemma, such as physician-assisted suicide. As medical practitioners, medical code of ethics should not just become theoretical concepts, because ethics are important references in the application of one’s moral and value system to a career in health care. Ethics involves more than just â€Å"common sense†, which is an approach for making decisions that most people in society use. Ethics goes way beyond this: It requires a critical thinking approach that examines important considerations such as fairness for all consumers, the impact of the decision on society, and the future implications of the decision. In the end, as doctors, the central issue remains caring for the dignity of the patient, which involves respecting the patient’s wishes, protecting the integrity of the profession, and sparing the life of a person under all conditions which are generally understood to be extremely burdensome. Thus, all forms of physician-assisted suicide are ethically and morally reprehensible because it promotes intentional killing. This principle does not require the preservation of life at all costs, which is essentially the role of all physicians.

Cognitive psychology Essay

Cognitive psychology had in its early days concerned itself with the study of attention and consciousness as the main focus of psychological inquiry. Attention had been defined as the means by which the human mind can process a specific amount of information from all the other information present in the immediate environment and from memory (Sternberg, 2006). The most common experience that an individual may have that demonstrates the function of attention is the cocktail party problem; this demonstrates the ability of the mind to actively process single information at a given time and be able to disregard others. This is referred to as selective attention, if we pay attention to every stimulus that is presented to us, and then we would have a stimulus overload and hence would affect our understanding and experience of particular stimuli. In the Stroop effect it was demonstrated that it is very difficult to attend to the color of the ink and the word color at the same time. However, through practice and sensory adaptation, the brain has the ability to adapt to the different stimuli and hence do not give attention to its sensory modalities, for example, a person who work in a coffee bar would likely not pay attention to the aroma of the coffee beans than the customers who frequents it. A closely related concept to attention is consciousness. A person’s consciousness is the degree to which one is aware of his/her feelings and experiences and the awareness that he/she is feeling or behaving in a particular way. Consciousness is important because it enables the mind to actively process information, without consciousness there is no attention (Sternberg, 2006). Although some behaviors may become automatic and does not need to be attended like swimming or eating, in other instances priming which is the ability of the mind to supply missing information based on previous experiences or memory is demonstrated in the ability of the mind to recognize incomplete pictures of familiar objects. Attention is one of the most basic human ability, which is the precursor to learning, to effective communication, to decision-making and even intelligence and self-awareness. Attention is one of those concepts that is not given much thought but undoubtedly is the framework from which so many behaviors are manifested (Sternberg, 2006). Paying attention is one of the biggest problem that modern man have, due to the advanced technology and scientific knowledge that enabled man to create tools that would attend to the usual information that we encounter on a daily basis, our ability to attend to something has become limited. For example, our cars now have GPS which can help us reach our destinations faster than if we relied on our own attending skills, hence we do not pay attention to the landmarks, to sign posts or even to pedestrians because we have the GPS tell us where to go to. Another example is how we have embedded our watches with pulse monitors, we do not pay attention now to how we feel when we jog, but instead rely on the monitor to tell us if we are going faster or slower than our target rate. Even diets have become prepackaged to certain caloric amounts that we don’t pay attention to the amount of food we consume and whether our brain is sending us signals that we are already full. In this fast paced and disposable culture, attention is the least of our concerns, even with the fact that our ability to focus and attend to something is limited and almost always inaccurate if it goes beyond what our brains can process. Attention is also linked to intelligence and learning, an acute sense of awareness and excellent attending skills enable the individual to notice the smallest detail which aids in the processing of information. Perception Perception collectively refers to the means by which we recognize, organize and make sense of the stimuli that we receive from the environment through our different senses. Psychological research into perception had been the focus of the Gestalt theorists and from which they were the first to develop theoretical assumptions and explanations of different perceptual processes (Sternberg, 2006). Gestalt psychology says that the whole is more than the total of the sum of its parts, which meant that although it is important to breakdown perception into its components and structure, the perception of the whole is more important than its parts. Just like attention, the human brain can adapt to the different sensual stimuli that we encounter on a daily basis. Perceptual constancy says that our perception of a certain object becomes stable even if we are removed from the origin of the stimulus; an example is when how we can remember that a certain candy is sweet and sour even if we just look at it. A number of perceptual illusions mostly on visual perception had demonstrated the limited capacity of the human brain to perceive visual stimulus (Sternberg, 2006). The figure and ground principle shows that our perception of an ambiguous object may vary depending on what is perceived and processed first, whether the figure or its background. A sensory accommodating principle, the law of Pragnanz shows that when we are presented disparate and random stimulus, we tend to organize the information to form a coherent whole. Our ability to perceive objects and other stimulus is influenced by a number of factors such as depth, context effects, light and color, directionality and source of stimulus. At present there are other perception theories that propose different approaches to the study of perception. The top-down theories approach says that perception starts from pre-existing and prior knowledge of perceptual cues and processes. The bottom-up theories argue that perception is dependent on the stimulus and data that is to be processed. Perception is in the realm of cognitive psychology and is further studied using the experimental methods. Researches on perception were popular in the early days of psychology but interest waned with the surge of behaviorism. In the last decade however, with the resurgence of experimental and cognitive psychology and with the technological advancements of computers that would measure perception, new interest on perception and perceptual processes have resurged. Moreover, the process by which the human mind perceive the sensory stimuli has been used to model artificial intelligence and the studies of which is geared towards the development of more intelligent robots and machines (Sternberg, 2006). Our ability to perceive the various information present in our environment determines how effectively and accurate our perception of and understanding of the world around us. If for example we lose our sense of sight, life would be very difficult and if not dark, if we become deaf then we would not be able to hear and appreciate our own laughter. Losing one of our senses changes our life and sometimes it would take a long time for us to adjust to the inability to feel, to become aware of where we are and what we are doing. In as much as how limited our perceptual abilities are, what a normal person is endowed with is already enough than missing one of it. Our perception is also influenced by our consciousness and the attention we give to those information (Groome & Grant, 2005), we may be able to sense and perceive various sensory stimuli but if we do not attend to it or if we are not conscious of it, then we cannot attach meaning to what we perceive. Memory Memory is a cognitive process that is necessary for everyday functioning and which is based on the stored information and previous experiences. Memory is composed of three stages, the encoding, storage and retrieval process; encoding refers to how our brain process new information, storage is the means by which we store information and experience, which can either be long-term or short-term memory, the last process is retrieval which refers to the process by which we withdraw stored information. Memory has three information processing model, sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the initial encoding of sensory information and provides very brief storage, iconic memory for visual stimuli and echoic memory for auditory stimuli. Short-term memory or working memory refer to the memory storage where information is temporary held and needs to be used immediately, auditory codes are more easily stored than visual information, the amount of information stored in working memory is very small but can be increased through chunking. Long-term memory is where information is stored for long periods of time or even for a life time. The information stored is usually very important and are used frequently, at present long –term memory can store an infinite number of information. Semantic memory is another form of memory which refers to the general world knowledge which is made up of interconnected networks of information called a semantic network which we use to be able to process new information, however semantic memory also facilitates stereotypes and schemas which affects how we perceive new information. Damages to the brain can cause memory loss such as amnesia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other more specific inabilities to process information. Information can be committed to long term memory through rehearsal, which is to consistently practice and work with the information needed to be remembered such as studying for exams or mastery of skills. Even if the information is stored in long term memory it is still subject to decay especially with the passage of time, if information is not used or retrieved, it will ultimately decay and be forgotten. Memory is one of the major concentrations of psychology in terms of how the brain functions, aside from perceiving sensory stimuli. The study of memory at present is now likened to how computers work and process data, the processes in memory even borrow terms from computer science such as encoding and retrieval. In a way, the brain processes information in much the same way as computers, but how it is encoded has not been adequately understood. Some theorists says that neural networking and the firing of neurons are the means by which information is encoded which is why any damage to the brain would result to memory loss (Baddeley, 1999). There are also conditions wherein memory loss is very specific like the inability to recognize faces that had been previously encountered. Memory serves many functions and which enables us to remember basic functions that are not physiologically automatic, for example, the mastery of reading skills, number skills and even the ability to dress oneself and to tie shoe laces. Our memory is the our storehouse of information and skills, when we go to school, all the things we need to learn is committed to memory and our previous experiences and stored information will help us process new information through accommodation and assimilation. As we age, and as our brain deteriorate, we experience memory loss which makes it impossible for us to live alone (Bredart, Brennen, Delchambre, McNeill & Burton, 2005). Recent research said that memory can still be enhanced even as we get older by continuously engaging in activities that would make use of our brain. Thinking Thinking is a collective term that refers to the process, by which we actively integrate new and previous information, it is also the process by which problem solving, decision-making and creativity is done. Thinking is a cognitive process that engages the mind, memory, learning and stored knowledge in arriving at a decision or a solution to the problem and the creation of new ideas. Thinking is a mental exercise that every person engages in as a means of applying the information and skills gained from learning and knowledge acquisition. There are different forms of thinking; namely productive, convergent and divergent thinking. Productive thinking is the process by which the mind finds a way to be able to produce a new idea, object or project. Convergent thinking is when the mind narrows down its evaluation of related knowledge to come up with a single best answer. Divergent thinking occurs when the object of the mental exercise is to generate as many theories and options for a single problem which is similar to brainstorming. Thinking as a process involves the analysis of related information or the contexts at which a certain problem exists, in analysis, the problem or idea is broken down into its component parts and then scrutinized under some perspective or framework of analysis. There are many ways in which we arrive at solutions to a problem or to decision-making strategies, one of which is insightful thinking. Insight refers to the point wherein a solution is identified after studying the problem, this happens when the individual gains an understanding of the interrelatedness of the information needed to solve the problem. There is also what is called as the use of available heuristics, with heuristics, there is not systematic way of thinking, it may lead to the solution to the problem by chance or it may not. Thinking is a diversified cognitive process, and at times it is very difficult to define when one is thinking, most of us refer to specific situations like problem-solving, decision-making or creativity to refer to different ways of manipulating information and data. However, these all involve the use of previous knowledge, to better understand the present information and to be able to present a comprehensive output using the old and new information. The study of thought process had been probably influenced by the delineation of abstract and concrete thinking as proposed by Piaget, and to some extent the concept of having to concrete examples and being able to think abstractly are very human traits (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). Some theories even say that thinking is the only ability that humans can do and animals cannot. When we think, we take out information relevant to the material we are working on and then evaluate the new information based on what we already know. For example, we know from mathematical principles of whole numbers that 1+1 is 2, when we work with a problem that asks us to do 1+1 then we know it is two, not because we have memorized the information but because we know that a whole number is added another whole number it will become 2 whole numbers, likewise we would know that 1+-1 would not equal to 2 because it has a negative sign. Thinking is probably the only exercise that has tremendous possibilities for generating bright, innovative, creative and excellent ideas (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). When asked to write an essay, I would probably thin first what I would write in it before actually putting it into paper. This refers to the act of identifying relevant information and using our mental faculties to come up with novel and new ways of presenting information and experiences. Language Language is one of the topics that have baffled scientists for the last part of history; the study of language in cognitive psychology is related to how language is acquired and how it is produced. Language refers to the process of attaching meaning to symbols in order to communicate with others. Language as used by man is different from those used by animals; we need mental representations of words in order to identify what it is and to use language as a means of expressing those symbols. For example, a red juicy tomato describes the color, firmness and taste of a round fruit which is used as a vegetable and eaten raw in most dishes. To the cognitive psychologist, language is directly related to the brain since damage to the Broca’s region would affect the speech ability of the individual. Psycholinguistics is the specific study of language as it relates to the human mind. Language is a complex process wherein the mind identifies the object, event, or feeling, and translates it into the existing language repertoire of the individual and then activates the body to produce the sounds that would verbalize the message and the idea. Language can be in written form or verbal, but psychologists are more interested in how verbal language is developed. There are several theories that attempts to explain language acquisition, one of which says that there is an innate biological mechanism that enables us to acquire, process and use language (Plomin & Dale, 2000). This would mean that language is something that we naturally do as a course of development, we are bale to acquire language in much the same way that we can walk or run or crawl. Another theory is hypothesis testing, which says that children develop language through a series of hypothesis testing which is to tentatively prove what they believe to be word relationships language patterns. For example, a 3 year old child may use language in the third person and when adults respond to his words indicating the he should own what he say, then he would know that he need not use the third person. Semantics refer to the study of meaning in a language and is often the focus of experimental research especially when a new word is developed and how a person attaches meaning to a particular word. At present one that is stressed by educators is the concept of metacognition, which is the ability to thin about what we are reading and writing even before we comprehend its entirety. Language is one of those fascinating subjects in psychology, although it is highly technical when it is broken down into its specific parts, it is also a very informative aspect of human existence. Language development and acquisition is often the means by which culture is transmitted and wherein socialization is handed from one generation to the next. Language also mirrors the culture of the society it develops from and this has been the focus of indigenous psychology and cross-cultural studies on the universality of psychological concepts in different languages (Esgate & Groome, 2004). Language is the main vehicle by which we interact and relate to other people, we are able to communicate with each other because we all use language, the inability to express our ideas and thoughts and feelings may leave the person handicapped and isolated from the rest of society. Languages disabilities may also hinder the education of children as learning basically occur in the context of communication and exchange of words and ideas. Language is said to be enhanced when the person has a large vocabulary, which means that the person has a large number of learned words which are available to him to aid him when he communicates with other people. At present the issue of English as a second language is prevalent in the educational system as more and more non-native English speakers are becoming a part of our society (Esgate & Groome, 2004). This has opened another field of study which is how a second language is acquired especially if it is very different in structure and form from the native language.

Causes and spread of infection

You need to understand the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites; this also covers cell structure and growth pathogens. 1. 2 Common Illnesses and Infections Include bacteria for example tuberculosis, MRS., tetanus, gangrene, Legionnaires ‘disease, salmonella and conjunctivitis. Viruses like winter vomiting disease, measles, mumps, chickenpox, HIVE, Hepatitis B, warts and influenza.Fungal infections a few examples of these are thrush, ringworm and athlete's foot and finally arise infestations like scabies, lice, head lice, fleas, threadbare and roundworm. 1. 3 Infection is Microorganisms transmitted to host's cells, tissues or body cavities they might but do not always cause illness. Infectious diseases are transmissible from one individual to another. Colonization means to cause infection organisms colonies cells and tissues and compete with normal micro-flora in order to multiply to a level which causes harm.Finally non- pathogenic microorganisms colonies the skin, oral cavity, colon to form the normal micro-flora; they do not normally cause disease ND may be beneficial. 1. 4 Systemic Infection affects whole system of the body, whereas localized Infection affects a specific area of the body. 1. 5 Poor practices that may lead to the spread of infection includes poor personal hygiene, failure to wear the correct PEP, inadequate cleaning, poor hand washing, reuse of UN-sterilized equipment and failure to follow procedure. 2. Understand the transmission of infection 2. Conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms are optimum temperature, moisture, nutrients, gases and time. 2. Ways an infective agent might enter the body can be Entry/ exit routes including: nose by inhalation, mouth by ingestion, rectum, urinary tract, eyes, broken skin, unbroken skin, genital tract, body fluids route and blood by Inoculation. 2. 3 Common sources of Infection Include body fluids for example vomit, tears, breast milk, semen, vaginal secretions, uri ne, blood, mouth or nose secretions, sweat, sputum, droplets spread by sneezing and coughing; food; water: air-borne and also carried by insects or animals. . 4 Infective agents can be reanimated directly from person to person in body fluids or on hands. Indirectly can be transmitted via contaminated water, food, animals, insects, objects, dust etc.

A Description of Gangnam Style Viral Videos Essay

A Description of Gangnam Style Viral Videos - Essay Example The principal idea of the song is of a self-declared popular man searching for the ideal partner who knows the time to become wild and the time to be refined (Copsey 6). In addition, Psy’s Gangnam style unanticipated reputation has led to many  interpretations of its meaning. Psy’s Gangnam style established a comical connection with its audience from the beginning. The video rapidly developed an association with the artiste, his actions, and events by permitting the viewers to share in Psy’s captivating dancing moves. As Psy entertains his viewers with the dancing moves, he also highlights aspects of his location, the Gangnam district. Associations such as these can be made through an entertaining artist or attractive elements in a video. Moreover, Psy’s Gangnam style video also went viral because it employed the element of creative disruption (Ramstad 26). The video contains memorable dance styles, a carousel, singing from a toilet, and houses. Gangnam style is entirely unexpected, catchy, and outrageous. The video received significant coverage from all over the world and from sites, for example, KoreaBoo, Yahoo, and AllKPop, and became viral within days of its circulation. The following weeks saw the music videos get recognition from pop music and internet humor sites, for example, PopDust, Gawker, FunnyJunk, and BuzzFeed. Psy’s Gangnam style was presumed to be a viral YouTube video by newsrooms, for example, ABC News and CNN by the first week of August (Ramstad 32). Community influencers also contributed to the video going viral. The popularity of a video can be enhanced by getting support from tastemakers and influencers within the related online communities. Psy’s Gangnam style has also had an impact in Asia. The video’s sophisticated arrangement and rendering have made it extremely popular with the entire public.  

Compare and contrast the book Forrest Gump and the movie Essay

Compare and contrast the book Forrest Gump and the movie - Essay Example Many of the characters within the movie version of Forrest Gump maintain certain aspects of themselves from the book, but also exhibit a few key differences. This is especially true for the main character. The main character, Forrest Gump, is characterized as a person with less intelligence than most. In the book, Forrest states, â€Å"I been a idiot since I was born . My IQ is near 70, which qualifies me, so they say†(Groom, 1). In the movie, Forrest Gump does not come out and say this about himself like he does in the book. Instead, his lack of intelligence is illustrated in a scene where Forrest’s mother tries to convince the principal of a school to allow Forrest to be educated there. The principal states â€Å"Mrs. Gump, he’s going to have to go to a special school† to which Mrs. Gump replies â€Å"He might be a bit on the slow side, but my boy Forrest will get the same opportunities as everyone else†(Forrest Gump). In this respect, both the mo vie and the book are similar in how they characterize Forrest Gump’s personality. ... I do not know how well you can reason with it†¦but I have never seen anything quite like this before†Ã¢â‚¬ (Groom, 112). This discovery leads Forrest to a brief stint at NASA. In the film, Forrest Gump does not display any particular type of savant intelligence. Instead, everything that happens to Forrest is mainly due to luck or being at the right place at the right time. Finally, the film and book differ in terms of how they showcase Forrest physically. In the book, Forrest is described as rather large: â€Å"By the time I was sixteen I was six foot six an weighed two-hundred forty-two pounds†(Groom, 5). In the movie, Forrest Gump is portrayed by Tom Hanks who is a man of average size. Additionally, in the film version, Forrest is shown to have a problem with his legs and spine which causes him to have to wear leg braces as a child(Forrest Gump). In the book, however, Forrest doesn’t have this problem. It is also important to note that the book version of Forrest Gump dabbles in drugs and curses like a sailor(Groom). In the movie, however, Forrest does not do either of these things, and he comes across far more innocent and childlike to the audience. The friendship between Forrest Gump and Jenny Curran is another aspect that has key differences between the book and the movie. In both the movie and the book, Forrest and Jenny meet as young children; however, the movie version shows Jenny and Forrest to be best friends. At one point Forrest states â€Å"From that day on, we was always together. Jenny and me was like peas and carrots†(Forrest Gump). Both the movie and book show Jenny as a nice person who is not mean to Forrest, unlike other people, but in the novel, Forrest and Jenny are not shown to be as close and do not spend as

Note making portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Note making portfolio - Essay Example Manufacturers would tie different price tags to their products depending on these indicators The potential for small market segments to order and acquire the applications using online approach makes it possible to run the technology on small productions hence applicable to many areas of economy. Accessibility during this time when most of the transactions can be done online is an important phenomenon especially for the small businesses. The purchase of 3D printing model is possible using the online hence giving the small businesses easy accessibility to the technology The 3D printing technology has superiority over most alternative technologies because it is friendly to small businesses. In fact, such businesses can make their purchases for the 3D printing technology using online resources. The use of 3D printing technology give value of money to both the consumer and the customer because the product manufacturers would be able to satisfy their customers and build the confidence on their

Nursing- breast cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nursing- breast cancer - Essay Example Table 1 represent estimated breast cancer cases and deaths worldwide (see appendix). About three fourths of all women with cancer cases will be diagnosed invasive breast cancer (Stages I-IV). The chance of developing invasive breast cancer during a womans lifetime is approximately 1 in 7 (13.4%). Another one fourth will be diagnosed with in situ breast cancer, a very early form of the disease. Though much less common, breast cancer also occurs in men /National Breast Cancer Centre, 2005/. The incidence rate of breast cancer (number of new breast cancers per 100,000 women) increased by approximately 4% during the 1980s but levelled off a bit in the 1990s /National Breast Cancer Centre, 2005/.The death rates from breast cancer also declined significantly between 1992 and 1996, with the largest decreases among younger women. Medical experts impute the decline in breast cancer deaths to earlier detection and more efficient treatments. Let’s investigate and sum up the causes of breast cancer. Although, there are a number of researches devoted to the causes of this severe disease and the ways of reducing its chances, it’s obvious that we still can’t prevent it. However, these researches worked out the list of factors that affect our health and may cause the development of the breast cancer. All these factors belong either to â€Å"external† or â€Å"internal† environments /Breast Health, 2006/. â€Å"Internal environment† includes a number of things inside our bodies that influence our health, for example, genetics, hormones, illnesses, and feelings and thoughts. â€Å"External environment† relates to the things of the outer world that influence people’s health, such as air, water, food, danger, noise, people, and stress. Some of the above mentioned factors, such as genetic makeup and the medicines taken, have a very direct effect on the breast health. The impact of other, indirect factors, such as

Dangerous and Natural Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dangerous and Natural Energy - Research Paper Example However, the risk that is close to the highest magnitude and frequency lies next to areas with the highest risk. As per the map, the western seaboard experiences the highest hazard of earthquakes (USGS: Science for a Changing World, 2012). Considering that the pink color represent areas with the highest earthquake hazard, Seattle lies in the green area, which is third to the least risky area. However, there are maroon areas surrounding it meaning that earthquakes may be experienced from these areas reaching the area (USGS: Science for a Changing World, 2012). In the past seven days, according to the earthquake center, there has not occurred any seismic activity in the area. The closest earthquake activity that occurred in the past seven days was in Canada and not in the USA. There has been seismic activity in the USA that has occurred in most recently, and in some cases up to this month on the 2nd of June in California. On a global scale, seismic activity seems to occur offshore in the areas bordering the land. This is particularly so in the areas around Alaska, the west coast of the USA, as well as the West coast of South America. Among all these regions, there is consistency in the occurrence based on fault lines around the world. These are mainly to the west of Alaska, East of Australia and the western side of the South American continent. There are, also, several earthquakes occurring in continental shelves in areas such as Alaska, China and India. In addition, there are several occurrences in the Middle East, an area with not much seismic activity. In Japan, 46 kilometers East of Namie, a magnitude 4.7 earthquake occurred on 2 July 2012. It occurred in an area where two fault lines lie (USGS: Science for a Changing World, 2012). Living in a red area is difficult following the high risk involved. However, I would be willing to live in such an area as long as I know the full implication of exposing myself to such a hazard and the benefits that come with

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive Essay

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive purposes Answer this question drawing on relevant cultural theories on the relationship between the arts and politics - Essay Example In this regard, the arts are usually associated with recreation, distractions and amusements (Wolff & Geahigan, 1997, p. 1). Proponents of the arts argue however that the arts are embodied knowledge and quite often interprets, constructs and criticizes life. In this regard, the arts like the sciences, also transfers knowledge. The arts aids in shaping an â€Å"understanding of the world† as it is or as it should be and as such can and often does, guide progress and emancipation (Metallinos, 2009, p. 146). Therefore, the arts can be powerful communication sources and may transfer knowledge relative to social, political and cultural realities and in doing so can raise consciousness and lead to progress and emancipation. The purpose of this research paper is to explore and analyse the assumption that the arts are powerful social, political and cultural communications and whether or not the arts should be used for progressive and emancipatory purposes. This is a particularly complex issue as arts are not all expressive and some are wholly aimed at creating pleasure and economic investment. Even so, given the communication associated with the arts, this research paper explores whether or not it is fair to impose emancipation and progressive responsibilities on artists. In order to determine whether or not the arts can and should be used for emancipatory and progressive purposes, cultural and political theories of the arts will be analysed. The arts are often defined as representations and expressions of life, nature, objects and human feelings and activities. Art as a representation and/or an expression is immediately defined as a communication between the artists and the audience to which it is directed or exposed. In this regard, art is said to be reflective in that it often invokes human emotions and thoughts. At the same time, some arts such as instrumental classical or any

Department of Homeland Security, and Science and Technology Policy and Essay

Department of Homeland Security, and Science and Technology Policy and Politics - Essay Example Science is about the search for objective evidence that would support successful predictions about the world around us; while politics is about governing based on the public's acceptance of the legitimacy and accountability of elected officials. On the other hand, in the U.S. democracy, science and politics are uniquely dependent on one another, although the relationship has never been an easy one. The search for truth in science and for legitimacy in politics both require systems for generating public trust, but these systems are not the same, and indeed they are often incompatible. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006) The need for both to be acceptable in the society entails great deal of issues that are needed to be resolved to attain the same goal of achieving strength and concord for the community. The establishment of the Department of Homeland Security has created several issues about its yet another political dogma that might eventually become another burden of the federal government that will threaten the US community. Although science and technology has an unlimited capacity in preserving peace and stability of a nation, the need for a government and public support is an integral part in its utmost success. Even the most basic research requires financial assistance from the government such that it may be able to provide an incomparable assistance to the society. This irrefutable fact, on the other hand, provides restrictions in its competence of granting both practical and cultural value to society. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006) Moreover, yet other factors that concerns public policy affect the various accomplishments that may have been attained by science and technology. Foreign policies that promote or limit collaborations of scientists worldwide may prevent new and innovative ideas to launch. The educational system that may train and develop the new breed of scientists in the future provides a very limited if not anything at all. The achievement of these goals of science and technology depends on new scientific institutions and facilities that would define the leading-edge capabilities of science. Finally, scientists, like other citizens, do care about how society uses the knowledge their research creates. In addition, for this reason, a great number of citizens are happy to serve on advisory committees even without financial compensation. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006) Scientists have often opposed the government although they have been accepting federal funding. The federal government perceives them as insufficiently grateful of their assistance for which these scientists overly contesting the government policies. Regardless of the situation, the government could not ignore the fact that science and technology and the people behind its research and implementation are a significant factor in attaining the nation's goals. Politicians still rely on the competent, objective, and useful science advices of the scientists such that in most cases, they are incapable of instigating the different functions of the government agencies that requires sound technical advices. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006) The Department of Homeland Security and Science and Technology Policy And Politics in the US Safeguarding the nation has turned out to be the main concern of the US federal

Discuss some of the key similarities and differences between orthodox Essay

Discuss some of the key similarities and differences between orthodox and naturopathic medicine. briefly evaluate circumstances when the use of one may be more - Essay Example According to Larson (2007, p. 1), alternative medicine represents any form of healing therapy outside the borders of orthodox medicine which uses pharmaceuticals, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical procedures in its practice of healing the sick. Alternative medicine includes all forms of therapy from acupuncture to Zen Buddhism as potential pathways to health. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine states that there four types of alternative medical systems which include Chinese medicine, ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, and homeopathy. What separates naturopathy from the other types of alternative medicine is not only its beginnings, but also the basis on which health, disease and treatment is seen. While the other forms of alternative medicine have their roots in shamanism and spirituality, the beginnings of naturopathy can be traced back to the beginnings of orthodox medicine. Hippocrates, generally considered as the "Father of Medicine", is also considered to be a physician that practiced what was similar to naturopathic medicine. ... Although this does not correspond entirely to the principles of naturopathy, as it can be observed, the view that the health and disease is based in the balance of natural elements is the basis of most naturopathic beliefs. In order for the differences and similarities between orthodox and naturopathic medicine to be better evident, the six basic principles of naturopathic medicine should be reviewed. The first concept is the healing power of nature, which refers to connecting with nature, or the life force, which is constant, although ever changing. Connecting with nature involves getting outside yourself, getting beyond whatever health limitations are concerning you. Further, the healing power of nature involves a connection with this life force, taking some action, either through exercise or any physical activity, that connects us with life. Naturopathy involves taking an active role in your own health, becoming your own health maintenance organization, as opposed to approach of traditional medicine of prescription drugs. The second concept of naturopathy, identification and treatment of the cause of disease, focuses on eliminating the problem that is resulting in the illness. One common example can be given, as high blood pressure, and its treatment through conventional medicine. Diuretics are the most common treatment, however, if the root cause is obesity and sedentary lifestyle, then the use of diuretics but failure to address those contributing factors will have the end result of treating symptoms but not correcting the basic problem. Modern medicine, however, also is beginning to focus more on eliminating social and other underlying problems that cause diseases. One such example is Sweden's

Thesis on Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Thesis on Classroom Management Essay This chapter presents the methods and procedures that are use in securing and translating the data needed in the study. Research Design We, the researchers will utilize the descriptive method of research since it is a fact-finding methodology with adequate interpretations. Descriptive includes the process of analysis, classification, enumeration, measurement and evaluation. Survey is an organized endeavor to gather data and information regarding present or current conditions prevailing in the social institution. Locale of the Study This study will be conducted in some selected public secondary schools in Taguig and Pateros which are located in Ricardo Papa National High School Main and Annex, Pateros National High School, Upper Bicutan National High School, Maria Concepcion Cruz High School. Sampling Procedures This study involves a representative sample of 100 secondary school teachers from the five public secondary schools in Taguig and Pateros. The number of samples will be determine using the sampling proportional to size, hence the school having bigger number of teachers have more respondents, while those with few teachers have smaller number of respondents. Data Gathering Instrument The questionnaire checklist is use in gathering data and information on the educational qualification, teaching experience, in-service training and teaching competencies of teachers in the implementation of innovative programs particularly the SEDP Curriculum which serve as baseline data and information for the teachers in Taguig and Pateros. Validation of the Instrument The questionnaire is adopted from Beltrans thesis, hence, validation was no longer necessary, however, other parts of the tools which are modify are pretested, until the desire validity and reliability is establish. Methods of Collecting Data Before the administration of the questionnaire, a permit is first secure from the Schools Division Superintendent of Taguig and Pateros through the school principals. And we will personally administer and retrieve the questionnaires. We, the researchers will also going to conduct structured and unstructured interviews to supplement the data gather through the questionnaire. Sources of Data Data are obtained from the questionnaire checklist and interviews. The Secondary Education Curriculum served as rich sources of data and information. Statistical Treatment of Data To determine the differential of the teaching competencies to implement the SEDP the teachers were grouped according to their educational qualification, teaching experienced and relevant in-service using the following scheme. Teachers who finished the baccalaureate degree required in the secondary level and who earned 3 to 9 units in the masters program were considered Moderately Qualified, those with 12 to 21 units, Highly Qualified. Teachers whose teaching experiences ranged from1 to 7 years, 8 to 15 years and 16 years and above were considered Less experience, More experience and Most experience, respective. Teachers who accumulated in-service training which ranged from 8 to 72 hours; 73 to 144 hours; and 145 and above of relevant in-service training attended were considered as: Less prepared, Moderately prepared, and Highly prepared, respectively. The responses in each category were multiplied by the weight and the products were added and the sum was divided by the total number of responses to obtain the weighted mean.

Language And Communication Development

Language And Communication Development Initially, this essay illustrates the importance of play by describing its categories. Play theories are briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and contemporary ones. Thereafter, it mentions the characteristics of language through the theories of two highly respected scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation between language and play development. It also illustrates the existence of nine basic communication skills and why non-verbal and verbal communication is so important. Moreover, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between play, language and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of play is salient in a childs development is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme play to explain that even the most common games possess a significant role in language and communication development. Last but not least, it analyzes how play reinforces the literacy de velopment and finally demonstrates the opinion of the writer. The Importance of Play Arguably, play is a vital part of childrens development which has many implications in their lives. Despite the difficulty of referring to a commonly accepted definition, play is a vital part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens lives and is divided into two categories, free play and structured play. To be exact, free play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the participation and the engagement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Moreover, many researchers have claimed that free play offers more educational opportunities to children. Whereas structured play is defined as an action which is directed by adults and limits childrens learning potentials. Adults are protagonists and possess a primary role in this type of play. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles proved by a study they conducted, that free play, in other words playful mode play, is capable of fostering childrens ability to learn. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, because playfulness creates the ability to enhance various types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use the playful method to foster childrens language and communication development (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009). It is of importance to mention that there are play theories which are separated into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. In particular, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are five types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/pretence play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012). The above five types of play help children to expand their abilities not only in the language and communication domain, but also in the physical, cognitive, social and emotional domain (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain must be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentials through play. Language and Communication Language is a strong communication tool (Moyles, 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital tool when we face complex situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists have tried to explain, how children adopt primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, have given special emphasis to the language and communication development and how it is related to play. They have evaluated childrens development from birth to adulthood. Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), claimed in his social constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). Due to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in social communication and consequently, they adopt new meanings. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which means that every child has limited potential when accomplishing an activity but he can expand his skills with suitable help (Lindon, 2001). However, another respected scientist Piaget did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to express some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex functions such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not promote childrens abilities; instead he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competence (Whitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists argue that childrens thought, starts to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult for children to assimilate, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the above notion by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012). On the grounds that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other words there are nine basic communication skills. Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to make a transition from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2002). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give orders such as wait, stay, come. Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can communicate adequately before adopting language production and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above aspect describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies communicate non-verbally to express their needs. Facial expressions, body language, proto-sounds and perception of feelings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999). Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and eventually verbally. Research proves that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond to spoken language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language (Howard McInnes, forthcoming). Fostering Language and Communication Skills through Play To begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are strongly correlated. Specifically, the four children who participated in this research were observed twenty times each in a free play mode, where the adults had a passive role. The intention of the study was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of first words, naming words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, nonproductive two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, this research divided play into thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children began to name objects when the conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship with each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that early language development is related to subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment plays a major role in the development of symbolic play. As a result, language is influenced by social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared in subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pretend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In addition, the fifth language category appeared with planned play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planned play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this p aper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play. Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to engage slightly in role play. At the age of four to five childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of spoken language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarify a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in groups of their own gender. We can notice that structured materials are better for younger children because they do not put limitations on their ideas while playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for school (Umek Musek, 2001). At the same time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonetic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001, p.61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children use metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss play. They stop in order to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffolding to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that it is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups rather than in groups with members of their own age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Aga in, this study shows us that play which is dependent on materials or situation is correlated with language development. Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing various children demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think of more complex situations and they are able to express their ideas with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children with the counting process (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities for children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme awareness helps children to recognize phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990). Play Fosters Literacy Vygotsky evaluated the role of make-believe play in childrens development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate tool for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007). Furthermore, drawing is considered to be a necessary play for children. Research has shown that children can expand their graphic vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007). In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193). Conclusions It is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that it has been proved that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that formal learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of formal learning methods by supporting the theory, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove it. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not possessed by the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009). To sum up, due to the fact that play has been decreased in school settings, it is salient to ensure that play must exist in preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007, p.199).

George Herbert Mead Early Life Sociology Essay

George Herbert Mead Early Life Sociology Essay Higher Education Mead graduated from Oberlin College in 1883 and matriculated at Harvard from 1887-1888 where he studying philosophy and sociology and graduated with a Masters degree. Although he belonged to a deeply religious family, Mead became a devout naturalist and non-believer after attending college. After leaving Harvard, he participated in many causes and was an ardent activist of any progressive causes. He marched in favour of the womens suffragette and took part in several civic duties in Chicago. The Chicago Philosopers Club 1896 Mead was influenced by Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution which is evident in his theories as a naturalist. At Harvard, Mead studied with Josiah Royce who was a major influence in his life, and  William James, whose children he tutored. In 1888, Mead left Harvard and travelled to Germany. There, he studied with psychologist Wilhelm Wundt who was his influence for the concept of the gesture, which would soon be an important aspect of his work. In 1891 he married Helen Kingsbury Castle. He taught at the University of Michigan and then the University of California. Mead wrote intensively over a 40-year career, however he didnt publish any books. He published over 100 scholarly articles. Mead died of heart failure on April 26, 1931. Following his death, his students put together a collection of his notes, unpublished letters and lessons, and finally published a book of his thoughts and teachings. Epistemology Ontology He observed that people acquired knowledge about behavior based on what they observe and acquire from society. The principle of sociality is the  ontological  foundation of  Meads  concept. The distinction between mind and matter and that between consciousness and the physiological organism is a distinction which is drawn between contents which may appear on either side of the line. Mead noted that there is more than what meets in the eye in terms of human interactions. This means, that there are reasons behind certain actions, which can be brought out through micro-investigations of human interaction. People who influenced Mead Mead was influenced by his friend John Dewey who led him into educational theory. However Meads thinking diverged from that of Dewey and he developed the famous psychological theories of mind, self and society. This idea was also greatly influenced by Wilhelm Wundt; who Mead met when he went to Germany to study psychology At Harvard, Mead studied with an American idealist philosopher Josiah Royce who also was an influence. Mead was influenced by Adam Smith and thus identified the social act of economic exchange. In Meads writing I and the Me Mead takes William Jamess distinction between the I and the Me and develops it further. William James was a renowned pragmatist philosopher. The prominent sociologist Charles Cooley (A philosopher) also influenced Meads thinking. People who were influenced by Mead Herbert Blumer, a sociologist who studied at the University of Chicago was influenced by Mead. He took over Meads lecturing responsibilities and went on to chair the Department of Sociology at the University of California Berkeley. He is often referred to as the heir of George Herbert Mead. During the second half of the twentieth Century, Meads theory of symbolic interactionism was separated into two distinct branches : The Chicago school under Herbert Blumer and the Iowa school under Manford Kuhn. Both of whom were influenced by Mead. Norman Denzin and Sheldon Stryker also continued to develop the Symbolic Interactionism theory of Mead. Ervin Goffmans so-called dramaturgical sociology is also highly influenced by Mead. Major Publications Mind, Self, and Society (1934) The Philosophy of the Act (1938) The Philosophy of the Present (1932) Basic Sociological Concepts Double Centre of Gravity Taking the role of the other Self Development The Self The self emerges from social experience Individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the biological or logical preconditions of the mentioned interaction Hence The self is not part of the body, and it does not exist at birth Explaining further in the absence of social interaction (i.e. isolated children) the body may grow but no self will develop. Social experience involves communication and exchange of symbols Dog example A dog responds to what you do, but humans respond to what you have in mind as you do it. Social interaction involves seeing ourselves as others see us taking the role of the other (Mead). Double Centre of Gravity In Meads concept of the self, he expressed Double Centre of Gravity by dividing the self in to the I and the Me. The I and the Me The I and the Me are derived from the self. The Self is the relationship between I and Me The Me is the internalization of others perspective of ourselves the perspective we get of ourselves from how others treat and interact with us. The I is the part of us that responds to these internalized attitudes.   Explaining further the Me is the social self that takes into account the reactions of others, while the I is the indistinctive part of the self which has ideas and imagination and is independent to social norms. Taking the role of the other Mead suggested that socialization derived primarily from peoples ability to take the role of the other. Taking the role of the other means putting yourself in another persons place to think/reflect about yourself. Taking the role of the other helps to integrate the individual with organized social processes By taking the role of the other, Mead meant putting oneself in the place of another individual in such a manner that one arouses the same response in both. Self Development According to Mead, developing the self is learning to take the role of the other   The first stage is Prep Children imitate and begin to understand symbols such as languages and gestures The Second Stage is Play Children role-play and pretend to be another person. Play involves assuming roles of significant others, helping kids see the world from others points of view. The Third stage is Game Children, at 7 or 8 begin to understand others roles and responsibilities, making games possible. The fundamental difference between the game stage and its antecedent play stage lies in the childs ability to take the roles of multiple people at the same time Generalized Other The norms, values, attitudes and expectations of people in general; the childs ability to take the role of generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self. The individual defines his or her own behavior with reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. Significant other An Individual who significantly influences someone elses life. i.e. Individuals who are most important in development of the self. (e.g. parent) MEADS CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIOLOGY Mead is one of the most influential and acclaimed sociologist of the 20th Century Praised by Critics throughout the world as a pioneer and a Stalwart Has had several books published posthumously about his teachings the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings (Mead 1982: 5) CRITICISM THE END

The Cask Of The Amontillado - Revenge :: essays research papers

A Tale of Revenge in The Cask of the Amontillado "The Cask of Amontillado" is a powerful tale of revenge. Montresor, the sinister narrator of this tale, pledges revenge upon Fortunato for an insult. Montresor intends to seek vengeance in support of his family motto: "Nemo me impune lacessit."("No one assails me with impunity.") On the coat of arms, which bears this motto, appears " [a] huge human foot d'or, in a field of azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are embedded in the heel." It is important for Montresor to have his victim know what is happening to him. Montresor will derive pleasure from the fact that "...as Fortunato slowly dies, the thought of his rejected opportunities of escape will sting him with unbearable regret, and as he sobers with terror, the final blow will come from the equalization that his craving for the wine has led him to his doom. "The Cask of Amontillado" is about one man's family revenge on another family. In structure, there can be no doubt, that both Montresor's plan of revenge and Poe's story are carefully crafted to create the desired effect. Poe writes this story from the perspective of Montresor who vows revenge against Fortunato in an effort to support his time-honored family motto: "Nemo me impune lacessit" or "No one assails me with impunity." (No one can attack me without being punished.) Poe does not intend for the reader to sympathize with Montresor because Fortunato has wronged him, but rather to judge him. Telling the story from Montresor's point of view, intensifies the effect of moral shock and horror. Once again, the reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of a sinister mind. This part of the story is very disturbing and emotionally unstable. Fortunato undergoes a change from laughter and thinking a practical joke is being played on him to a groaning realization that he is a dead man. This is the place where we chose to make our project. Although several characters are mentioned in this story, the true focus lies upon Montresor, the diabolical narrator of this tale of horror, who pledges revenge upon Fortunato for an insult.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the century past, the industrial society kept advancing. However, many advantages of the industrial society brings us also has a down side. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is acid deposition due to power plant, fossil fuel and automobile emissions. Acid rain is the popular term but the scientists prefer the term acid deposition. Acid rain can have adverse effects on the environment by damaging forests or by lowering the pH of the lakes and making the water too acidic for many aquatic plants and animals to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The father of acid rain research is an Englishman named Charles Angus Smith who suggested in, 1852, that sulfuric acid in Manchester, English, was causing metal to rust and dyed goods to fade. One source that causes acid rain are fossil fuel. Fossil fuel has many usage in our society. Such as to power electric power plants, industrial boilers, smelters, businesses, schools, homes and vehicles of all sort. These various energy sources contribute 23.1 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 20.5 million tons of nitrogen oxides to our atmosphere worldwide. When fossil fuels are ignited like oil and coal, they release carbon dioxide, a so-called greenhouse gas that traps heat within the earth's atmosphere which causes global warming that is taking place right now. Also, it releases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and various metals (mercury, aluminum) that are released into the atmosphere that reacts with other airborne chemicals (water vapor and sunlight) to produce sulfuric and nitric acid which later can be carried long distance from their source and be deposited as rain (acid rain) but acid doesn't just came from rain but also in the forms of snow, hail, fog, and mist. Forests are a complex ecosystems that involves trees, soil, water, the air, climate and other living organisms that support the community of wildlife: animals, birds, insects and plants and also a major economic resource. The countries hardest effected by acid rain is in the European countries, yet central Europe face a much greater threat since it has a large amount of forest area and about 8% of German's forest face the lethal effect of Waldsterben or forest death of acid rain. Acid rain kill about 50 million hectares of forest that have been damaged in Europe and in Central and Eastern Europe's thousands of tons of pollution each year that 14,000 lakes are unable to support sensitive aquatic life. Acid rain does not kill trees outright but weakens them to the point where they become susceptible to extremes of heat or cold, attacks from blight-causing or from inserts such as the gypsy moth, and

19th century photography Essay

Discuss how 19th century photography was utilised to construct notions of social and cultural identity. Examine at least one image from the 19th century as well as at least one example of a contemporary portrait that has a resonance with these earlier practices. Photography’s influence on modern day is so vast that it is practically impossible to imagine a world without such technology. Due to the great deal of photography surrounding us, we have gradually become accustomed to the impact photography has on our social and cultural identity, that we no longer notice just how much it affects us and the world. If we take a look back to the creation of photography in the 19th century, we are able to understand its deep effect upon the social zeitgeist and how it constructed notions of social and cultural identity. We can successfully examine exactly how society reacted to the debut of photography, as each of its practical uses that were inaccessible beforehand; both scientifically and socially, were being uncovered. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay The announcement of photography in 1839 evoked the desire to apply the new medium to the portrait. Andre Disderi popularized and patented the process of The Carte de Visite – a type of photograph which unlike earlier photography, was small, cheap and easily distributed. The use of the carte spread across France, Europe and America. The idea of celebrity, beauty and fame blossomed and theatre performers ‘flocked to the studios to have their portraits taken as lasting memento’s of transitory performances.’ (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, p. 45-6) Eventually cartes became commercially available and the creation of family photographic albums began, later to â€Å"be handed down through the generations.† (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, p. 46) Sitters would order from a dozen up to a hundred copies of a print to trade them with friends and family. In the 1870s, cartes were replaced with the success of cabinet cards, eventually leading to the immense populari ty of the Kodak Box Brownie, sparking the mass phenomenon of home snapshot photography that still exists today. (Tom and Marnie Hill 2011) For the first time, the middle class was provided with a means of remembering and cherishing dead loved ones with a keepsake photograph of them post  death. Post mortem photography was most common with infants and young children due to the high childhood mortality rates. The post mortem photograph may be the only image of the child the family ever had. (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001) Postmortem photography increased the emotional investment people were making in their loved ones. Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote to a friend â€Å"I would rather have such a memorial of one I dearly loved, than the noblest Artists’ work ever produced.† (Henisch and Henisch 1994, p. 166) Unknown photographers (The Seventh Sense, 2004) In both images, the woman in the middle is dead, propped up by their loved ones. Prior to photography, â€Å"diagrams could help to inform, maps to chart, drawings and paintings to recognize,† (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, p. 57) but none of these could be used as legitimate evidence. Photography’s ability to produce illustrative information and evidential knowledge far better than â€Å"the best artist could deliver† (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, p. 61) was quickly realized, creating a roaring up rise in the success of science. In 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot wrote that photography would be highly beneficial towards the inductive methods of modern science allowing the capture of chance natural events, which might then be followed up with experiments. (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001) The 19th century was a period where methods of observing the social world were appearing, particularly in mathematics and statistics. Human normality and abnormality rates were often recorded and presented as a chart or graph. It was believed that majority of society tended to behave in similar ways, so it was clearly evident when a significant minority exhibited signs of abnormality, as they would diverge considerably away from the mean, or the ‘normal.’ (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001) A link between the statistics and photography was soon discovered and photographs began being used to depict the uniformity of the normal and the diversity of the abnormal. The photography provided exact depictions, and was more specific and detailed than a graph could ever be, which eliminated possible mistakes from being  made. This abolished any unnecessary, accidental scrutiny or control over people whose health or behavior were considered a threat to the development of society. From this, photography was proved to provide truth, which ultimately ended written records. Dr Hugh Welch Diamond, a leading figure in the new treatment centered psychiatry, began a project that used photography as part of the treatment process. Diamond wanted to discover the nature of his patients’ character so he created portraits of them to study their facial features. Diamond then showed the portraits to his patients in attempts to help them understand they are ill. Although little evidence showed success in his therapeutic use of photography, Diamond is remembered for popularizing the medium of photography and lessening its mystique. He was one of the first to appreciate the concept of photography as a means of communication, understanding that a picture speaks for itself if you listen to the â€Å"telling language of nature.† (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, p. 81) Duchenne de Boulogne was a physician, who began to experiment with electrical currents to force upon neural action in his patients, believing this would help him understand the wiring of human bodies and consequently find a cure for his patients. (Darwin & Ekman 1998, p.404-5) Duchenne published a series of photographs exploring facial expressions in his book ‘The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression.’ His images were groundbreaking for science because of the validity of the experiment by the use of photographs. Duchenne â€Å"initiated himself into the art of photography† (Duchenne de Boulogne 1990, p. 39) because it was â€Å"only photography [which could render the subjects’ expressions] as truthful as a mirror, attaining such desirable perfection.† (Duchenne de Boulogne 1990, p. 36) Although Duchenne wasn’t the first to use photography in terms of medicine, he was the first modern doctor who worked conceptually. He thoroughly understood the principles of perspective and light, which lead to successful images similar to art photography. From Duchenne’s research he concluded that the language of facial expression was a Mechanism and that the â€Å"reason behind the lines wrinkles and folds of the moving face† (Duchenne de Boulogne 1990, pg. 1) was triggered by our inner emotions and our soul. Many of the plates published in Duchenne’s book were of one particular patient, an â€Å"old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality.† (Darwin & Ekman 1998, p. 405) The man suffered from palsy, paralyzing his face making him resistant to any pain. Using electrical devices, Duchenne could spark fake emotions in his patient allowing him to create studies on human expression. Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne de Boulogne, Untitled, 1862 (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, fig 49) Duchenne’s research had importance in not only medicine and photography, but also in the study of human evolution. Charles Darwin, a British naturalist owned copies of Duchenne’s work and was particularly interested in it because it supported and provided suitable visual evidence to his universalistic ideas and theories about human evolution. Darwin believed that â€Å"some expressions, such as bristling of the hair under the influence of extreme terror, or the uncovering of the teeth under that of furious rage, can hardly be understood except on the belief that man once existed in a much lower animal-like condition’ (Darwin 1872, p19.) Duchenne’s work was published in Darwins book, â€Å"The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals†, which ‘played a major role in bringing photographic evidence into the scientific world.’ (Prodger 1999, p. 401) Photography’s ability to provide traces of real events secured its role within almost all areas of science. The medium became a very important tool in anthropological research where human builds, features, skin colours, skull sizes and faces were studied, grouping certain people together due to their similarities enabling classifications, comparisons and contrasts to be made. J. T Zealy took images of black slaves to document the characteristics of the African race. The photographs were taken to support the theory of Polygenisis, aiming to convince white viewers that the continuation of slavery should be supported because the African body was so different and alienated that they must be a separate species. (Barger M.S, White W.B,  1991) J.T. Zealy. Renty, Congo, on Plantation of BF Taylor, Columbia, SC. 1850 (US Slaves, 2011) Darwins research ‘showed in considerable details that all the chief expressions exhibited by man are the same throughout the world† (Darwin 1872, p. 335) which exiled some of the racism emerging at the time, confirming that white races don’t possess any superiority over the other races. In 1882, questions about social groups and classes began to arise. Photography was used to categorize the types of people within a single race, by studying their ‘tendencies and proclivities’. (Ryan 1997, p.168) These photographs of identification allowed the development of a much more humane method of apprehending criminals, controlling prisoners, treating the insane, and limiting the spread of crime, poverty and disease. This linked to the study of criminology where photography was used as a means to recognize repeat offenders and to catalogue police records. Alphonse Bertillon standardized the criminal mug shot by creating the first system of physical measurements, photography and record-keeping that police could use to identify reoffending criminals. The police adopted his anthropometric system and called it the bertillonage stystem. (Visible Proofs 2006, para. 2) Bertillon also took an interest in genes, and how physical and mental characteristics were passed on hereditarily. He created a series of his own family according to the accepted bertillonage system as part of his research. (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001) Alphonse Bertillon, Francois Bertillon age 23 months, 1893 (left) Alphonse Bertillon, Alphonse Bertillon, 1891 (right) (Hamilton and Hargreaves 2001, fig 56 & 62.) Photography proved to be of huge success in the field of science, but other uses for the medium were also discovered. Contemporary Australian photographer Simon Obarzanek has a resonance with 19th century anthropologic and criminology practices in the way that his subjects are being treated as studied specimens. He has no interest in the character traits of the subjects he shoots; he is only interested in their physical attributes. Obarzanek uses the same method of observing, exploring and recording the human being as anthropologists once did. Obarzaneks’ ‘80 faces’ is a series of black and white mug shot portraits of teenagers’ aged 14-17. He focuses on the face at its most basic shape, scale and proportion of features. The portraits are always presented in groups engaging spectators to compare and contrast the faces. Although the photos are quite ordinary and general on their own, once put all together as a group, each person becomes an individual. (Mutual Art 2012, article 1) Simon Obarzanek, Untitled (80 faces) (1-6), 2002 (Karen Woodburd Gallery, 2012) Simon Obarzanek, Untitled (80 faces) (19-24), 2002 (Karen Woodburd Gallery, 2012) Again, Obarzanek portrays this sense of categorization resonant to 19th century anthropology in his series 10pm-1am. He records anonymous females at the times of 10pm-1am and as spectators we are engaged to study the subjects, creating our own ideas of their personality and habits. Simon Obarzanek, 10pm – 1am No.2,No.7, No.6, 2007 (Karen Woodburd Gallery, 2012) Similarly, contemporary German artists Bernd and Hilla Becher created black and white photographic typologies of industrial structures, fascinated by the similar shapes in which certain buildings were designed. The Bechers would travel to large mines and steels mills and photograph the major structures from the front, making them appear as simple diagrams. When displayed, images of structures with similar functions are displayed next to each other, inviting viewers to compare their forms and designs. A supporting photograph of the overall landscape was also displayed to give  the structures context. (Moma 2012, article 1) Although the Bechers’ didn’t create portraits of humans like 19th century anthropology, their work is very much the same thing. The photographs still study the features of the subject and put them in categories. Bernd and Hilla Becher, Winding Towers, Germany 1971-1991 (Moma 2012) Prior to the introduction of photography in 1839, society had never encountered anything quite like it. Once the medium was introduced to the world, it appeared to be useful in countless aspects of life; as a tool for evidence, identification and recording and is still used today for many of the same reasons. It was inevitable that the medium would create notions of social and cultural identity during the 19th century due to its groundbreaking effects in science, art and social living. Photography has come a long way since its invention and has made significant improvement making the medium a worldwide phenomena. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Barger M.S, & White W.B, The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and modern Science, Smithsonian Institution, 1991 Darwin, C, 1872, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Fontana Press, London Darwin, C, & Ekman, P 1998, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, With Introduction, Afterword and Commentarries by Ekman, P. 3rd edn. Oxford university Press, New York Duchenne, G-B, 1990, The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression, Cambridge University Press, USA Hamilton, P & Hargreaves, R, 2001, The Beautiful and the Damned, Lund Humphries in association with The National Portrait Gallery, London. Henisch, Heinz K. & Henisch, Bridget A., 1994, The Photographic Experience 1839-1914, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press Hill, M & Hill, T, 2011 Wyandot County (Images of America), Arcadia Publishing Proger, P, â€Å"Photography and the expressions of the emotions.† Appendix III, p399-410, in Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872 , with introduction, afterward and commentaries by Paul Ekman, London: Fontana Press Ryan, J R, 1997l Picturing Empire: Photography and the Visualisation of the British Empire, Reaktion Books, London Websites: Karen Woodbury Gallery 2012, 80 faces, 10pm-1am, photographs, viewed 20 May 2012, < http://www.kwgallery.com/artist/simon-obarzanek/10pm-.-1am-no.6/21/291> Moma 2012, Exhibitions, viewed on 12 May 2012, Mutual Art 2012, Obarzanek, Simon, 80 Faces, MutualArt Services Inc., viewed on 12 May 2012 Seventh Sense, The, 2004, Unknown photographers, Photograph, viewed 12 May 2012, < http://ken_ashford.typepad.com/blog/2009/08/more-post-mortem-photography.html>. US Slaves 2011, Delia, American born, daughter of Renty, Congo & Renty, Congo, on Plantation of BF Taylor, Columbia, SC., photograph, viewed 11 May 2012, < http://usslave.blogspot.com.au/2011/10/slave-daguerreotypes-for-louis-aggassiz.html>. Visible Proofs 2006, Forensic Views of the Body, Alphonse Bertillon, US National Library of Medicine, viewed on 12 May 2012,

Delwarca Case Essay

Delwarca Softw bes in remove second building block is having issues with its client religious good performance. The long waiting while for accosts are the predominant cause for guest dissatisfaction. dump McKinnon is concerned with the impact of client dissatisfaction on the growth rate of the comp either. The challenge for old salt McKinnon is to find out a upshot for decreasing the long wait eras on songs without investing much money. He will have to re practise the whole influence so that the calls give the gate be channelized efficiently and divers(a) client concerns be re crystalized efficiently. Initially in the sure process a guest call was greeted by an operator who does the identity operator and paradox verification and decides to transfer a call to critical support unit or next available accessory. The fuss with this process was that even if a superior think is available to attend to the guests concerns still the node frame on discipline an d is routed to the major(postnominal) gent altogether through the harmonize and that overly only if the pertain fails to provide appropriate solution to the customer. The waiting snip was relate between each passes and during the long hold time the customer was engaged only with an automated update every 90 seconds regarding further estimated hold time needed.During various interactions with customer iT was found that customers had trust on the technical competency of Delwarcas support unit exclusively were miffed on the long wait times. The customer had an selection of directly pick uping a specific ripened Associate by name. With the introduction of fast ID procedure the process flow was changed. speedy ID procedure aimed to reduce regular calls by 1 FTE. Two highly experienced attendants were upgraded to the roles of theatre directors who would direct the calls from customers to either an Associate or a Senior Associate depending on the problem. They would non try to provide any solution but direct the calls to the comely channels only. In case the call is order to the associate and he is non able to provide a solution, the call could still be forwarded to a cured associate. Also customer had an option to request for a Senior Associate directly. chthonic very rare cases only the customers weredirected to Delwarcas Critical Support Unit. compendium of the impact of Rapid ID procedure on the Customer satisfaction index Positives Introducing Director Associates to direct customers to the appropriate associate/ of age(p) associate saw a step- have in both the wait and verbalize time with associate, from 66.8 proceedings to 41.5 minutes that is a decrease of 37.8%. The calls that were routed from associate to cured associate took a dip of 11.3%. Associates percentage of resolving the calls incrementd from 51% to 62%. Negatives The raw problem that arose with Rapid ID procedure was an increase of 46.5 minutes to 89.2 minutes (a 91.8% i ncrease) for calls that were forwarded directly to cured associates. With the large customer base and the morsel of cured associate available in Delwarca, this level of increase was non sustainable. study cause for the increase in the time when they request a superior associate is because more(prenominal) and more customers were preferringdirect calls to senior associate and therefore the long-run waiting times. overleap of trained associate and thereby customers preference for senior associates caused a major coggle from associates not be able to contribute much and senior associates being swarmed with 65% of the total calls. 18% of all calls were directed straight to senior associates, 28% were direct requests from the customers and 19% from calls forwarded to them by the associates. Only 35% of the calls were sent to associates. a few(prenominal) associates and senior associates were reported to haveextremely longer minutes per call than the average call durations. Thi s was modify the overall quality of customer good performance. The three longest durationsfor associates were 50 minutes, 40.8 minutes, and 37.8 minutes. The next highest is 28.5 whereas the average stands at 29.4. Similarly the highest twofor senior associate were 44.6 min and 33.1 min. The next highest was 24.1min which is like as average of 24.1. It seems that these few associates and senior associates were causing larger holding time which increases number of callers in waiting queue.// please Review the below part as I have jotted down the points in a hurry//Problem educational activity Jack McKinnon had to provide recommendation for increase a thereby alleviated customer satisfaction, increase the Delwarcas customer service unit performance and win a pooptha the customers trust. Also as a Manager it was his responsibility to organise to the problems faced by his subordinates. With a shift to Rapid ID procedure the senior associates were bogged down by high pressure and at the same time they had to be the dupe of irate dissatisfied customers rude remarks. Aronson, Pierce and Shah were speaking to the customers for the longer durations. The minutes per call for these Associates were much higher(prenominal) than the average. Similarly Kalinowsky and Sacks were speaking to the customers for the longer durations. without delay Jack as manager has to examine a decicison as to what to do with these employees. Recommendations From the findings it can be concluded that there is a lack of skilled/experienced associates in the company and so customer finds more satisfaction when handled by senior associates. Unless the customers perception is changed they will accommodate swarming the senior associates. Also lack of problem solving ability by the current associates causes more and more calls forwarded from them to senior associates thereby increasing the pressure on them. thereof associates must be trained to turn different complex issues and customer discussion ways. Proper mentoring will improve their performances and abilities to solve customer concerns effectively.Rather than directly packaging the calls to the senior associate the ideal process would be to provide the customer with an associate who could discusses his problems and provide a part of resoluteness to it and then forward the case to the senior associate for further workaround. This will not only target efficient and effective solution provision to customer but also less dependency on the senior associate. Also it will suspensor the associate to gain experience on the problem solving ability.If there is assume for a specific senior associate the requests can be divide in time slots and these incoming requests could be dole out the slots as pertheir preference. This would reduce the waiting/holding times and customer will not bother to call back if he/she is assured of a fixed time slot for his problem solving. Meanwhile the concerns of the customer can be no ted by the associate and if the associate is ideal he can work-around the problem and propose a solution to the senior associate who in turn can judge and be ready with the possible solutions before the customers slot arrives.